About Us; Products + Browse by application. Fixings: Provided there is not a primary membrane on the surface, then Double Drain can be fixed using RIW Plug and nails at 250mm centres along the top edge only (nails not supplied), or self-adhesive pins. Concrete Mould Oil / Debonding Compound. As mentioned above, prices can vary considerably due to many important factors. Cavity Drain R20 is a 1mm thick high density polyethylene (HDPE. Description. Compare. 25mm Aerofil 2 Sheets. About Us; Products + Browse by application. We are proud to have installed these products onto some of the most prestigious projects in the UK. Waterproofing above ground level;A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. RIW Protection Board is used for the protection of waterproof membranes against mechanical damage, pedestrian or vehicular traffic and abrasion caused by backfilling. View Select options. Weepholes DPC Cavity Drain Overtape Sheetseal 9000 DPC / Cavity Tray Sheetseal 226 lapped over DPC Sub – Soil Drainage 11 | P a g e 7. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is found within certain areas of the country and maps are available in BRE Digest 211 ; RADON. Technical number: 01753 944200 Sales number: 01753 944210 RIW Toughseal was used extensively to provide damp proofing around the basement soffit and to the base of partition walls that penetrated the RIW Cavity Drain system. After mixing, the resultant compound will cure to provide an exceptionally robust seal, while retaining a degree of flexibility. 2m x 15m x 7mm Double Drain is installed with the filter fabric facing the backfill. co. Technical number: 01753 944200. Gas/Radon Resistant. Primer No 7. Customer Sales 01753 944210. Top & Bottom Crack Inducers quantity. Description. Wykamol Cavity Drainage Membranes; Triton Cavity Membranes For Wall & Floors; Visqueen Cavity Drain System; RIW Cavity Drain; Sika. rolls FLOORS Cavity Drain R20 2. Technical number: 01753 944200 Sales number: 01753 944210Roofing System -Liquid Plastic - Free download as PDF File (. RIW . Sealing Compound is a trowel-grade sodium bentonite/butyl-rubber based sealant, designed for use with Structureseal. Sales number: 01753 944210. RIW Cavity Drain R7 - HDPE studded membrane . 05/4232, covering its use on walls and floors above and below ground. RIW Sheetseal GR Data Sheet. Generally, the loose laid systems are sealed with a range of double sided tapes or seam welded, complying with the latest codes of practice as published by BS 8485: 2015, CIRIA & BRE. RIW . It can be used from fluid to plastic consistencies for the grouting of equipment. Wykamol Cavity Drainage Membranes; Triton Cavity Membranes For Wall & Floors; Visqueen Cavity Drain System; RIW Cavity Drain; Sika. Sales number: 01753 944210. Damp Proof Course & Brickwork Products. All applications. Good to see the RIW Cavity Drain materials on site and ready for the next install 👌🏻 #waterproofingsolutions #riw #watermanagementSCS Cavity Closers quantity. RIW/TD/403 AQUA CHANNEL Typical intermediate floor detail. Product code : 82CCDF. Product. 20 X 2. RIW Adhesive Tape. RIW Cavity Drain allowed water to be directed away from internal finishes to a maintainable land drain below the structure. About Us; Products + Browse by application. Basement Waterproofing & Tanking. Sales number: 01753 944210. per m2 ie. Wykamol Cavity Drainage Membranes; Triton Cavity Membranes For Wall & Floors; Visqueen Cavity Drain System; RIW Cavity Drain; Sika. Sheetseal 9000 DPC; Sheet Applied Systems. Ground Stabilisation – Stormwater Systems. When designing Type C structures (drained) protection, as classified in BS 8102: 2009, the product applied correctly, is capable of providing the levels of protection required for Grade 1, 2 & 3 basements. Due to this risk, RIW Structureseal was used under the slab, with RIW Cavity Drain R7 providing protection for the walls. RIW . All applications. It has a high flow capacity to alleviate hydrostatic pressure on below ground structures and has a high puncture resistance. Technical number: 01753 944200. 1mt x 2mt. Cementfill HB - Cement based waterproof high build repair mortar for profiling and providing fillets. Sub-soil drainage, when used, must be capable of discharging water away from the structure. RIW Toughseal was used extensively to provide damp proofing around the basement soffit and to the base of partition walls that penetrated the RIW Cavity Drain system. Please call the Sales line for more information on 01753 944210. Cavity Drain R20 is manufactured from 1. Therefore, most companies. Drainage Types There are two principle forms of drainage, these are Natural (gravity feed) and Mechanical (Sump stations) and can be used in conjunction with falls or drainage channels depending on the design of the cavity drain systems. Other materials are also adhered to the Cavity Drain products using Overtape. Cavity Drain R20 has been awarded British Board of Agrément Certificate No. Sales number: 01753 944210. Cementfill HB - Cement based waterproof high build repair mortar for profiling and providing fillets. 1 RIW Cavity Drain R20 is satisfactory for use as a damp-proof membrane on internal faces of walls and floors of all types of existing construction that require a large air gap for a high drainage volume. Settpoint can be used for joints between 10mm and 50mm and will penetrate to a depth in excess of 150mm. It is easy to install, durable and resistant to chemicals and root penetration. Void formers are made from rigid PVC and are used to form grooves in concrete that can easily be fixed by nailing directly onto shuttering. The basement can vary from habitable space to car parking, and whatever the usage, it is vital the correct waterproofing system is selected when waterproofing the Podium Deck. Wykamol Cavity Drainage Membranes; Triton Cavity Membranes For Wall & Floors; Visqueen Cavity Drain System; RIW Cavity Drain; Sika. Description An internal water management system manufactured from 1 mm thick, black, high density polyethylene with studs approximately 20 mm high, to collect water entering basements and substructures. RIW CAVITY DRAIN R20 ANCILLARY PRODUCTS RIW produce a range of ancillary products for use with Cavity Drain R20 which include: Sealing Rope - a self-adhesive rope for sealingPrice: £ 45. RIW/TD/401 AQUA CHANNEL in rebate with masonry lining. Technical number: 01753 944200. A cavity drain system is often referred to by Structural Waterproofing Designers as a means of waterproofing protection for underground structures. Sika® Drain-850 Geo is a heavy duty drainage and protection sheet produced from high density polyethylene (HDPE) with dimples 10 mm high and a filtration layer of geotextile (PP) bonded on the top. If you move a few inches off the wall (As I would suggest with your french drain), you still want to mount the polystyrene to the outside and then use batt insulation between the studs. Sheet. SBS30W60. 20. RIW Sheetseal Damp Proof Course; Insulated DPC Damp Proof Course; Gas Resistant Damp Proof Course; Brick Reinforcement; Cavity Closers; Airbricks & Telescopic Vents; Basement Waterproofing & Tanking. 56. Permabit has long been the DPC of choice for many brickwork contractors, offering excellent performance in terms of tensile, elongation and tear strength. A list of approved stockists is available from RIW’s offices. Other systems are available for specific uses, refer to Typical Uses inside. Visit us at riw. Internal water management system to collect water entering basements and substructures. Effective barrier to Methane gas, Water and water vapour barrier , Factory controlled thickness ,. To be fixed onto the vertical face of the groundbeams using Claymaster Fixing Pins. 2 Application The membrane is laid out ‘domes down' over the floor for the horizontal portion, with consecutive membrane widths laid out to create an overlap of two interlocking domes. Alderprufe Tuflex geomembranes are used as liners and capping to contain both the gas and liquids produced by a landfill operation. This system retains poured concrete and achieves a significant reduction in the pressure of concrete normally associated with conventional formwork. Nitofill TH has been developed for the injection of cracks 0. Cavity Drain R20 & R7 are used as internal cavity drainage membrane systems, to collect water. rolls Cavity Drain R7 2. Drain and the primary membrane can be achieved by using Cavity Drain Sealing Rope. Provide access points as necessary that nance of channels. SECTION 150mm min. Features & Benefits of Cementseal. Sales number: 01753 944210. Waterproofing with An RIW Cavity Drain System. The board is resistant to water, ground salts and most corrosive chemicals. Technical number: 01753 944200. Our modified epoxy paint RIW Flexiseal Pro was then A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. The multiaxial strain qualities of Alderprufe Tuflex are so good that the geomembrane will resist out of plane forces caused by subsidence which occurs with differential waste consolidation and unstable. A bituminous/asphalt based compound which will harden on dowel bars to form a thin plastic sheath which after casting of concrete will allow dowel bars to completely break. A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. SCP Expansionthene PW High Density Joint Filler quantity. Detail 1 - External Drainage Detail 2 - Top of Wall Double Drain Sub-soil drainage as required See DETAIL 3 RIW. Masterflow 765 is recommended for: Grouting bearing pads and plinths , Grouting under machinery, base plates, stanchion bases and crane rails , Anchoring bolts, reinforcing bars and rods , Underpinning . A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. The Aqua Pump Pro range of sump pumps, and Aqua Channel products, has been developed specifically for the specification market, and are designed to remove ground water. All applications. Flexiseal PRO primer is used to seal porous or. Wykamol Cavity Drainage Membranes; Triton Cavity Membranes For Wall & Floors; Visqueen Cavity Drain System; RIW Cavity Drain; Sika. Cavity Drain R7 is suitable for use on floors and ceilings, please consult RIW for further information/ guidance. Technical number: 01753 944200 Sales number: 01753 944210PVC drainage conduit for use with RIW Cavity Drain systems. Damp Proof Course & Brickwork Products. Description Description. 4mm thick co-polymer thermoplastic membrane. Shows how new basement waterproofing systems can be designed and installed. Technical number: 01753 944200. The RIW Aqua Pump Pro range has been developed specifically for the specification market and are specifically designed for the removal of ground water from a basement when used in conjunction with an RIW Cavity Drain System. Data Sheet. These components complete the Tie Bar Formwork System. Quantity. 500 / pack. Cavity Drain Sealing Rope. 55. All applications. Visqueen High Performance (HP) Vapour Barrier is used to omit the risk of interstitial condensation within a structure as well as improving the general airtightness of the building. Product Advantages •Solvent free. RIW Flexiseal 500 HG Data Sheet. Overtape is used at wall/wall and wall to soffit junctions, and outside non-flanged laps. Description. 25mm. STRUCTURAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS CAVITY DRAIN DOUBLE DRAIN PLASTER DRAIN SUMP PUMPS AQUA CHANNEL You can find out more about the products on the mini data sheets within this guide. pdf; ESD02-against existing structure. per m2 ie. If there is too much water within the installation, root rot is likely to become a problem, and if there is too little water there will be poor vegetation growth. GCP Aerofil 2 Joint Filler quantity. RIW Cavity Drain Systems mange water that penetrates the external structure and direct it to a suitable discharge point. Waterstop. Technical number: 01753 944200. Technical number: 01753 944200. Double Drain Sub-soil drainage as required See DETAIL 3 RIW Membrane. Data Sheet. Vandex BB75 is a tanking slurry (also known as a waterproofing slurry) for basement and cellar waterproofing applications. Developed specifically for the specification market, they are designed to remove ground water ingress from below ground structures. POA. Linkedin. RIW Cementfill FC . 60 (inc. BENEFITS l Easy to install l High drainage capacity l High factor of safety l High compressive strength l Chemically resistant• Products Used: 2,000m2 Cavity Drain R20. RIW R7 Cavity Drain. Thruty Cones/ Tie Rod Cones quantity. Jump to: Specification data ; BIM objects ; Add to spec Download BIM +44 (0)1753 944200 Website Contact manufacturerRIW offer a sump and range of sump pumps, maintainable water management drainage channels, along with control panels and alarms to complement our cavity drainage membranes. All applications. Multi functional - acts as a combined protection layer and drainage layer; Range of thicknesses available - provides options for water flow capacity ; Large format rolls - rapid installation ;Sheets & Strips Available. How to Specify. A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. The column formers are manufactured by welding together several layers of high quality polyethylene. Used in conjunction with Sealing Rope to provide a sealed fixing through RIW Cavity Drain R20 and R7. 6. co. Verified 6 months ago . Concrete Repair Mortars & Floor. As the product is manufactured from HDPE, it is therefore able to follow the irregular surface and curvature of concrete piles. Ideal for extensions and repairs to concrete in factories, loading bays, trucking aisles, bridges, roads, bonded. 100 no. DPM Blue; DPM Red; Sheetseal 226; Sodium Bentonite Systems. Type C protection is known as drained protection and is most commonly. All applications. Claymaster is a low density compressible expanded polystyrene used to relieve the effects of groundheave. Data Sheet. Description. Quantity. Suitable substrates include concrete, masonry, steel, asbestos cement, timber, sprayed polyurethane foams and expanded polystyrene such as ICF systems. Sales number: 01753 944210. Along with soil types and water table levels, ground contaminates and gases such as Radon & Methane must be considered when deciding upon a waterproofing design. Sheetseal 226 - a self-adhesive, flexible sheet membrane for reinforcing. Concrete Repair Mortars & Floor Levelling Compounds. sump and pump. RIW CAVITY DRAIN R20. AquaPump Pro comprises a polyethylene sump, locking access cover and powerfulDescription. Find the right product for your specific project requirements in a few simple steps with our easy to use product finder. 5 metre. 00. Due to this risk, RIW Structureseal was used under the slab, with RIW Cavity Drain R7 providing protection for the walls. BIM object . VAT) Enquire Now. 0. Cavity Drain R20 & R7 are used as internal cavity drainage membrane systems, to collect water entering the structure. Waterproofing above ground level;A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. POA. RIW LAC can also be used as an effective barrier to. Thruty cones are used at the ends of the thruty sleeve and can be easily extracted after removal of the formwork, to form a chamfered recess for subsequent grouting with Tie Hole Sealer. Masterflow 765 is a ready to use non-shrink grout. Sales number: 01753 944210. 5 to 9mm wide in concrete and masonry, and. It is light, clean and easy to use, rot-proof, non-absorbent, resistant to most chemicals and oils, non-staining and has high weathering and ozone resistance. 160mt box. About Us; Products + Browse by application. ROCKBOND UNDERWATER GROUT (RB UWG) powder is a premixed cementitious grout powder specially formulated for underwater applications. 500 pack. Internal water management system to collect water entering basements and substructures. There is a permanent reliance on this cavity to collect groundwater seepage through the structure and. 07m x 20m. Sales number: 01753 944210. Data Sheet. Price: £ 230. £6,800 - £42,000. RIW Flexiseal Pro is applied to the outside of the wall, to limit water ingress into the cavity. 07x20m roll 5 No. Proofex Angle Fillet. •In contact with water Swellseal Mastic will expand to. ANCILLARY. Masterseal 590 is a fast setting cementitous mortar that stops active water leaks though joints , cracks and holes in concrete masonary. RIW Limited Arc House, Terrace Road South, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 4PZ, England 13 1071-CPR-1196/1197A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. Verified by manufacturer 6 months ago . VAT) Enquire Now. Jump to: Specification data ; BIM objectsPVC drainage conduit for use with RIW Cavity Drain systems. Compare. 95. Cavity Drain R20 is used in. uk W: Additional Info: Date: Project Ref: Scale @ A4: Drawing No: Drawn:Checked: Rev: 19/09/19NTSRRDK RIW/TD/156 RIW Cavity Drain R20 Insulation / Services zone Floor build-up and insulation zone RIW Cavity Drain R20 RIW. pdf. Installed at the bottom of basement walls and linked to the Hydroduct sheet an alternative to a perforated sub soil drainage pipe. RIW Cavity Drain R7. Quantity. 07m x 20m. About Us; Products + Browse by application. Price: £ 440. Gas Seal Black Data Sheet. Other. We have almost a century of experience, with a modern range of waterproofing solutions for above, below and at ground level. A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. 97 mt x 25 mt . RIW Sheetseal Damp Proof Course; Insulated DPC Damp Proof Course; Gas Resistant Damp Proof Course; Brick Reinforcement; Cavity Closers; Airbricks & Telescopic Vents; Basement Waterproofing & Tanking. RIW Cavity Drainage Membrane is a 1mm thick high density polyethylene drain board with 20mm studs used in situations where site conditions. A “needle-punch” process interlocks the geotextiles together forming an extremely strong composite that maintains a consistent layer of Bentonite, as well as protecting it from. About Us; Products + Browse by application. View. All applications. 7mt pack. Product code : 82CCDF. 10 metre. £153. 07x20m roll 5 No. co. Technical number: 01753 944200 Sales number: 01753 944210Any water collected by the RIW Cavity Drain system was then to be pumped back out of the basement. View. 250 pack. Designed for use. View more info. Sika CD Channel 2m. RIW/TD/305 SHEETSEAL 9000 DPC: Cavity tray fixing to solid inner skin. Cavity Drain [{product_related_downloads:count}] pdf. 25mm and 9mm wide in concrete and masonry, where both sides of the crack can be sealed to prevent resin drainage. Technical number: 01753 944200. Download the datasheet to learn more about its features, benefits and technical specifications. 05/4232, covering its use on walls and floors above and below ground. Steel Reinforcement Mesh & Rebar. Visqueen High Performance Urban Drainage Geomembrane is a robust thermoplastic Geomembrane , black in colour , 1mm thick and supplied in single wound rolls ( not folded) . Concrete Repair Mortars & Floor Levelling Compounds. Technical number: 01753 944200. NBS Source is the new home of the NBS National BIM Library - BIM objects and Revit families (free to download). Can also be used for securing slab edge formwork, guard rail, etc. Reinforced, loose laid, damp-proof and gas resistant membrane. roll 2 No. Drain and the primary membrane can be achieved by using Cavity Drain Sealing Rope. Ruberoid Hyload Original DPC. Quick and easy to apply by hand or spray. General. Hydrocell XL is a cross linked, non-absorbent, semi-rigid, cellular polyethylene joint filler used for forming expansion joints in concrete, brickwork and blockwork. Other systems are available for specific uses, refer to Typical Uses inside. Wykamol Cavity Drainage Membranes; Triton Cavity Membranes For Wall & Floors; Visqueen Cavity Drain System; RIW Cavity Drain; Sika Cavity Drainage System; Concrete Formwork & Shuttering. Water entering a drained cavity system is regulated by the structure, so defects that might result in unacceptable leaks should be remedied before the system is installed. As such, there is a permanent reliance on the cavity to collect groundwater and therefore a need for access points to allow the system to be maintained. 65. Brickspan Masonary Reinforcement quantity. pdf; ESD03-3D against existing structure. Price: £ 142. A142 mesh is often used in 100mm thick light-use slabs such as paths, driveways and garage bases, while A252 is normally associated with heavier-duty 150-200mm thick slabs, with A193 used in. Internal water management system to collect water entering basements and substructures. Resists up to 100m head of positive and negative water pressure. . Your product has been successfully added to your basket. 22mm Thruty Cones. 0 x 20m roll --- --- 5 No. Non Shrink Grouts / Epoxy Grouts & Chemicals. Waterproofing above ground level;CI/SfB Tr9 L1415 November 2013 RIW STRUCTURESEAL is a highly effective waterproofing composite, of high strength green coloured geotextile, and sodium bentonite. Expansion Joint Backer Rod 30mm. per m2 ie. Brick Plugs - a fixing plug for vertical fixing of the Cavity Drain. It can be used from fluid to plastic consistencies for the grouting of equipment. Internal water management system to collect water entering basements and substructures. Waterproofing above ground level;Dowel Bar Sleeves are manufactured from high grade flexible PVC. Vandex BB75 can be applied to concrete and masonry surfaces, however it is important to download and read the. Description. Quantity. 12mm x 120mm x 6mt 12mts per box. Design Considerations 4 General 4. SKU: 014p5cd. Product. Technical number: 01753 944200. 2 boxes 1 No. Toughseal. Part of a cavity drain system and designed to be used in conjunction with Platon cavity drain membranes. Description. Product code : 82CAT. Polythene DPMs & Vapour Barriers. 65. per m2 ie. 0 x 20m roll --- --- 5 No. A special blend of oils with highly active surfactants that gives excellent release with no staining. Internal water management system to collect water entering basements and substructures. Detail 1 - External Drainage Detail 2 - Top of Wall Double Drain Sub-soil drainage as required See DETAIL 3 RIW. SBS30W100. Price: £ 24. NJSR consulted RIW regarding a new retail development complete with basement in the heart of Liverpool city centre. 10mm Corkpak Sheets. Description. uk or contact. pdf. Contact us: 01344 397777 technical@riw. 1mt x 2mt. co. Basement Waterproofing & Tanking. RIW Cavity Drain Fixing Plugs 100 per box. RIW Cavity Drain R7 - HDPE studded membrane . Double Drain can also be used to provide excellent. 0 company wide current stock level. However, in locations where the capping beam protruded into the internal space, Cavity Drain R20 was terminated at the underside of the Capping beam RIW Cementflex was then applied to save on space. The finished joints are highly resistant to weather and freeze-thaw action and will not be damaged by mechanical street cleaning equipment. Wykamol Cavity Drainage Membranes; Triton Cavity Membranes For Wall & Floors; Visqueen Cavity Drain System; RIW Cavity Drain; Sika. Single component, thixotropic, polymer modified, cementitious repair mortar. For bonding new cementitious materials to existing cementitious surfaces. 12 x 150mm x 2. It is also used around service penetrations and for sealing over joints when required. A range of dowel bar debonding caps manufactured from rigid PVC tube with polyethylene foam fixed into one end to act as compression filler, which allows for expansion of dowel bars in construction joints. Nitoseal MS300 is suitable for sealing saw-cut and movement joints in internal floors, and external joints where abrasion resistance is required. RIW Cavity Drain R7 - HDPE studded membrane. Double Drain Sub-soil drainage as required See DETAIL 3 RIW Membrane. 0x20m roll 5 No. Wykamol Cavity Drainage Membranes; Triton Cavity Membranes For Wall & Floors; Visqueen Cavity Drain System; RIW Cavity Drain; Sika. The product provides excellent support to sealants subject to hydrostatic pressure and is particularly recommended for water retaining or water excluding structures. Technical number: 01753 944200. Engineer to advise. Cavity Drain R20 and R7 are typically used in basements and sub-structures, to channel wat. Product code : 82CCDF. Epoxy resin concrete bonding agent. Wykamol Cavity Drainage Membranes; Triton Cavity Membranes For Wall & Floors; Visqueen Cavity Drain System; RIW Cavity Drain; Sika. Sheets and cut strips available up to 25mm. uk; Sales. POA . Price: £ 154. Settpoint is self-smoothing, exceptionally strong and contains shrinkage compensating agent. Price: £ 153. Product. 0x20m roll 5 No. 00. rolls Cavity Drain R7 2. At the partition walls RIW Aggregate Grade 1 was broadcast into the second coat. Compare this product to another (up to 4 items) A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. A full list of data sheets, including liquid applied systems, DPC & Cavity Trays and many more PDFs - available to view online or download. co. pdf. Product. Price: £ 132. RIW sump pumps provide effective mechanical drainage for all below-ground structures where a cavity drain system is being installed. Price: £ 78. The membrane can be positioned within the ground floor construction either above or below the structural floor. Formwork design is simplified and there is no need to drill shuttering. 5. per m2 ie. 05/4232, covering its use on walls and floors above and below ground. DPM Blue;RIW Sheetseal Damp Proof Course; Insulated DPC Damp Proof Course; Gas Resistant Damp Proof Course; Brick Reinforcement; Cavity Closers; Airbricks & Telescopic Vents; Basement Waterproofing & Tanking. 12mm x 120mm x 6mt 12mts per box. Verified by manufacturer 6 months ago . 2 boxes--- 6 No. Totally waterproof. Renders & Pointing Mortars. RIW Sheetseal Damp Proof Course; Insulated DPC Damp Proof Course; Gas Resistant Damp Proof Course; Brick Reinforcement; Cavity Closers; Airbricks & Telescopic Vents; Basement Waterproofing & Tanking. Primer B1 is moisture tolerant and can be.